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Country profile: Albania
language: Albanian President: Bamir Topi
The Republic of Albania
religions: Islam, Christianity
Agro-Industry Development
Agriculture
The former
communist government allocated substantial
resources to the development of agriculture.
Large-scale programs of land reclamation, soil
improvement, and irrigation, as well as
increased use of fertilizers, all contributed to
a significant expansion of agricultural
production. Despite these advances, agricultural
production continued to be hindered by the
persistence of traditional farming methods and
low mechanization, which required a relatively
high number of farmworkers. Measures intended to
encourage the growth of food processing and
agriculture were hampered by chronic shortages
of basic foods, a failing infrastructure, a lack
of raw materials, a shortage of skilled workers
and managers, low productivity, and poor labour
discipline. However, agriculture has registered
annual growth during the postcommunist period.
About half of the economically active population
is employed in agriculture, which contributes
about one-fifth of Albania's GDP. Only
one-fourth of the total land area is arable, yet
the country meets nearly all its food needs from
domestic production. The main crops are wheat,
corn (maize), sugar beets, and watermelons.
Apples, plums, grapes, walnuts, and chestnuts
are also grown. Citrus fruits are cultivated on
the southern coast, as are figs and olives
wherever there is sufficient irrigation. Major
livestock are sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs
Albania is a small, mountainous country in the Balkan peninsula, with a
long Adriatic and Ionian coastline.
Along with neighbouring and mainly Albanian-inhabited Kosovo, it has a
Muslim majority - a legacy of its centuries of Ottoman rule.
After World War II, Albania became a Stalinist state under Enver Hoxha, and remained staunchly isolationist until its transition to democracy after 1990.
The 1992 elections ended 47 years of communist rule, but the latter half of the decade saw a quick turnover of presidents and prime ministers.
Main mosque in the capital, Tirana
Many Albanians left the country in search of work; the money they send home remains an important source of revenue.
During the Nato bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, nearly 500,000 ethnic Albanian refugees from Kosovo spilled over the border, imposing a huge burden on Albania's already fragile economy.
While there have been signs of economic progress with inflation under tighter control and some growth, the country remains one of the poorest in Europe outside the former Soviet Union.
Unemployment remains stubbornly high, and the infrastructure and corruption continue to deter much foreign investment. Agriculture, an important sector, still suffers from underfunding.
Albania made a formal application for membership of the European Union in 2009, on the basis of a 2006 Stabilisation and Association agreement. The EU is keen to encourage further reform, particularly as regards stamping out organised crime and corruption and developing media freedom and property and minority rights.
A research scientist and senior member of Prime Minister Berisha's Democratic Party, Mr Topi was elected president for a five-year term by parliament in July 2007. Albanian is a parliamentary republic, and executive power resides with the cabinet of ministers.
Prime minister: Sali Berisha
The centre-right Democratic Party led by the former president, Sali Berisha, was re-elected by a narrow margin in parliamentary elections in July 2009, defeating the main opposition socialists.
The election count, which produced the closest result since Albania toppled communism in 1990, was accompanied by disputes over procedure and claims of intimidation.
Sali Berisha was re-elected in July 2009
Mr Berisha first became prime minister following victory in general elections in July 2005.
That vote was also followed by wrangling over the count, with re-runs demanded in a number of constituencies. It was nearly two months before the result was finally declared.
An erstwhile communist, Mr Berisha formed the Democratic Party in the early 1990s and in 1992 became Albania's first non-communist president since the Second World War.
His bid to liberalise the economy fast increased hardship for the majority. His presidency came to an end in 1997 when the collapse of fraudulent pyramid investment schemes led to violent unrest.
As prime minister, Mr Berisha promised to stamp out corruption, reduce taxation, attract greater foreign investment and develop the infrastructure.
He succeeded in gaining Albania Nato membership in April 2009, and the country formally applied for European Union membership the same month after a June 2006 Stabilisation and Association agreement.
Born in 1944 and a former heart specialist, Mr Berisha is known as an orator and has faced accusations of authoritarianism in the past.
Public broadcaster Albanian Radio and TV (RTSh) operates national radio and TV networks. It faces competition from private stations, which have mushroomed since the late 1990s.
The sector is in a "state of anarchy", the Open Society Institute said in October 2008, citing the sheer number of channels, a lack of ownership transparency, and a weak broadcasting regulator. However, recent legislation had put the country's media better in line with world standards, OSI said.
Some Albanian newspapers are prone to sensationalism
Many viewers watch Italian and Greek TV via terrestrial reception. Radio services in Albanian from the BBC (103.9 MHz in Tirana), Deutsche Welle, Radio France Internationale and the Voice of America are carried on FM.
Sensationalism is often the norm in the print media. Political parties, trade unions and various societies publish their own newspapers; dependence on outside revenue tends to limit their objectivity.
Some 580,000 Albanians were online by the end of 2008 - around 16% of the population (Internetworldstats).
Country profile: Albania
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