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Country profile: Ecuador
languages: Spanish, indigenous President: Rafael Correa
Republic of Ecuador
religion: Christianity
Agro-Industry Development
Agriculture and fishing were the country's
largest employers in the late 1980s, providing
nearly half of all export earnings. Including
livestock raising, forestry, and fishing,
agriculture generated almost 16 percent of the
GDP in 1986 and nearly 18 percent in 1987. The
three principal export crops--bananas, coffee,
and cocoa--alone accounted for 2.4 percent of
the total GDP in 1986, while livestock raising
contributed 5.3 percent of the GDP, and forestry
and fishing contributed 1.1 and 1.9 percent,
respectively.
The agricultural sector of the economy presents
potential for further development and growth.
Crops for domestic consumption, particularly
rice, barley, maize, African palm, and potatoes,
continue to show growth due to increased area
planted and improved yields. Other segments
likely to experience growth are nontraditional
agricultural products such as flowers, fresh
fruit, and vegetables, and processed foods. The
government's agricultural policy focuses on
integration into the World Trade Organization,
import tariffs, and the lack of credit in the
agricultural sector.
Ecuador is a patchwork of indigenous communities, including people of colonial Spanish origins and the descendants of African slaves.
Its capital, Quito, once a part of the Inca empire, has some of the best-preserved early colonial architecture on the continent.
Traditionally a farming country, Ecuador's economy was transformed after the 1960s by the growth of industry and the discovery of oil. There was rapid growth and progress in health, education and housing.
But by the end of the 20th century a combination of factors, including falling oil prices and damage caused by the weather phenomenon El Nino, had driven the economy into recession.
AT-A-GLANCE
Politics: Three presidents have been ousted since 1997; current leader Rafael Correa has pledged to introduce sweeping reforms
Economy: Ecuador exports oil but many people live in poverty; indigenous groups oppose free trade policies
International: Free trade talks with US are frozen over a dispute about a US oil firm; Ecuador has complained of border incursions by the Colombian military
Inflation, which had become the highest in the region, led the government to replace the national currency with the US dollar in an effort to curtail it.
Not all Ecuadorans have benefited equally from oil revenues. The traditionally dominant Spanish-descended elite gained far more than indigenous peoples and those of mixed descent.
Steps to stabilise the economy, such as austerity measures and privatisation, have generated widespread unrest, particularly among the indigenous poor.
For a small country, Ecuador has many faces. They include Andean peaks, tropical rainforests and - 1,000 km (600 miles) off the coast - the volcanic Galapagos Islands, home to the animals and birds whose evolutionary adaptations shaped Charles Darwin's theories.
He took up his post in January 2007, joining Latin America's club of left-leaning leaders, including Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez and Bolivian President Evo Morales, who have not been shy in their criticism of the US and who have led a South American nationalisation drive.
Mr Correa, an outsider with no political party backing, moved quickly to secure the support of voters in a referendum for a special assembly to rewrite the constitution.
He said the new constitution was designed to hand more power to the poor and reduce the role of the traditional parties, whom he blames for the country's problems. Critics said it was solely aimed at increasing his powers.
Despite resistance from the opposition-led Congress, the revised constitution was approved by 64% of voters in a referendum in September 2008.
The new basic law also allowed Mr Correa to stand for re-election, enabling him to win a second term with a convincing election victory in April 2009.
Mr Correa is against Ecuador entering into a free trade pact with the US, saying it would hurt Ecuador's farmers. Talks on such a deal were frozen with his election.
He also refused to extend the US military's use of the Manta air base on the Pacific coast for drug surveillance flights after the treaty governing its use expired in 2009.
He opposes Colombia's coca crop spraying along their common border as part of a drug eradication programme, saying the spray drifts into Ecuador and kills crops - and reportedly also farmers.
Rafael Correa, centre, with Venezuela's Hugo Chavez (left) and Bolivia's Evo Morales
Rafael Correa obtained his doctorate in economics from the University of Illinois in the US in 2001 and was professor at Quito's San Francisco University.
He was appointed economy minister in April 2005 but was forced to resign after four months when he failed to consult the president before publicly lambasting the World Bank for denying Ecuador a loan.
Born in 1963, he spent a year as a volunteer in a poor Indian village in the Andes mountains and speaks French, English and some Quechua. He has three children with his Belgian wife.
Private operators dominate the media scene. Radio is the most widely-available medium; there are hundreds of stations. Some stations in rural areas broadcast in indigenous languages.
Latin American soap operas and US series are staple fare on TV, although domestic programme production is on the increase.
The constitution provides for freedom of speech, and journalists are able to report without hindrance.
Newspapers exercise some self-censorship
However, some self-censorship, especially regarding politically-sensitive issues and stories about the armed forces, is exercised. Also, defamation is a criminal offence punishable by up to three years in prison.
Thus the media are generally non-confrontational and measured in tone.
Under a law which requires the media to give the government free space or air time, governments can and have required TV and radio to broadcast programmes produced by the state.
Internet use is limited by high access costs. Less than 10% of Ecuadorans have web access.
Country profile: Ecuador
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