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Republic of Macedonia
religion: Christianity, Islam
Agro-Industry Development
Agriculture
Macedonia
produces a wide range of crops and other
foodstuffs. Farmers grow rice, tobacco, wheat,
corn, millet, cotton, sesame, mulberry leaves,
citrus, and vegetables; beef, pork, poultry,
mutton, and dairy products are also produced,
and the country has traditionally been an
exporter of sugar beets, fruits, vegetables,
cheese, lamb, and tobacco. As elsewhere in the
former Yugoslavia, farmland was only partly
collectivized under communist rule, while in
other eastern European countries such as
Bulgaria, collectivization was almost complete
(collectivization was the process by which
communist countries coordinated production
through state planning). The farming sector has,
however, been hit by drought, and the wheat
harvest was down by 16 percent in 2000.
The government has come under pressure from
private farmers, who have threatened to organize
protests unless it pays what it owes them for
the 1999 harvest and compensates them for the
rising price of fuel. They have also demanded
subsidies for their agricultural exports and a
cut in the rate of the new value-added tax for
agricultural products from 19 percent to 5
percent.
Macedonia was spared the inter-ethnic violence that raged elsewhere in the Balkans following the break-up of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s but it came close to civil war a decade after independence.
Rebels staged an uprising in early 2001, demanding greater rights for the ethnic Albanian minority. The conflict created a wave of refugees and the rebels made territorial gains.
After months of skirmishes, EU and Nato support enabled the president, Boris Trajkovski, to strike a peace deal. Under the Ohrid agreement, Albanian fighters laid down their arms in return for greater ethnic-Albanian recognition within a unitary state.
Macedonia is a candidate for membership of the EU
Acknowledgement of ethnic-Albanian rights was formalised in amendments to the constitution approved by parliament in late 2001. Ethnic Albanians account for about a quarter of the population.
In August 2004, parliament approved legislation redrawing local boundaries and giving ethnic Albanians greater local autonomy in areas where they predominate.
Recognition of the republic's progress from the brink of civil war came in December 2005 when the EU leaders agreed that it should become a candidate for membership. The EU has urged Macedonia to crack down on corruption ahead of accession talks.
The country's name remains a contentious issue. It is still referred to formally as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).
International recognition of the country's split from Yugoslavia in 1991 was held up over Greek fears that its name implied territorial ambitions toward the northern Greek region of Macedonia. Greece lifted a two-year trade blockade only after the two countries signed an accord in 1995.
And in 2008, Nato leaders agreed to invite Albania and Croatia to join the alliance. But Greece blocked Macedonia's invitation because of the dispute over the country's name.
In December 2008, Macedonia decided to take the issue of its name to the International Court of Justice in the Hague.
Resolving Macedonia's dispute with Greece will be Mr Ivanov's priority
The academic political scientist Gjorge Ivanov was chosen as presidential candidate by the conservative VMRO-DPMNE party, the largest in parliament.
He led in the first round of voting in March 2009 with 35 per cent of votes cast. The Social Democrats' candidate Ljubomir Frckoski came second with 20 per cent. Mr Ivanov beat Mr Frckoski comfortably in the second round in April with 63 per cent of the vote, and is due to take office as president on 12 May.
During the campaign Mr Ivanov said he would make resolving Macedonia's long-standing dispute with Greece his priority, and would seek a meeting with the President of Greece to that end.
Born in 1960, Mr Ivanov is married with two children.
His predecessor, Social Democrat Branko Crvenkovski, who was elected president in April 2004, won praise in the West for supporting reconciliation with the substantial Albanian minority.
Macedonia's presidents are directly elected for a five-year term. The president appoints the prime minister. Legislative power is vested in parliament.
Prime minister: Nikola Gruevski
Nikola Gruevski insists country's name will not be changed
Nikola Gruevski, leader of the centre-right VMRO-DPMNE, was first asked to form a government after elections in July 2006. The outgoing coalition was led by the Social Democrats.
The 2006 poll was seen as a test of the Ohrid peace deal that ended an ethnic Albanian uprising in 2001, and there was relief when it passed off relatively peacefully.
The prime minister's party won 44 seats in the 120-seat parliament and went on to gain a majority in parliament through a deal with the Democratic Party of Albanians and three small parties.
Mr Gruevski called fresh elections in 2008 after Macedonia's Nato entry was blocked by Greece. His party won the elections comfortably, though complaints of irregularities led to re-runs in ethnic Albanian areas.
His main priorities have been tackling corruption and organised crime and fostering economic revival and job creation. He is keen to see Macedonia join the EU as soon as possible.
The prime minister is a former World Bank economist, amateur boxer and stage actor.
The constitution guarantees freedom of speech and access to information. Public TV, which has three national channels, faces stiff competition from private networks.
Media outlets are strongly divided along ethnic lines, US-based Freedom House reported in 2008.
Commercial TV dominates the ratings, a 2008 EU-sponsored report said, describing the broadcasting market as overcrowded, with more than 100 TV and radio stations. Most local broadcasters were "barely surviving" financially.
But the report said parliament had adopted "progressive" media legislation, bringing the country into line with European standards.
There were around 900,000 internet users by July 2008, around 44 per cent of the population (Internetworldstats).
Country profile:
Macedonia
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