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Country profile:
Azerbaijan
language: Azeri, Russian President: Ilham Aliyev
Republic of Azerbaijan
religion: Islam
Agro-Industry Development
Agriculture
is the largest employer in Azerbaijan. In 1999,
it had 32 percent of the total workforce and a
22 percent share of the total GDP. The primary
products are grains, cotton, tobacco, potatoes,
other vegetables, grapes, melons and gourds,
fruits, and tea. The sector meets most of
Azerbaijan's grain needs. Farming is
concentrated in central Azerbaijan along the
Kura and Araxes rivers, where the land is
fertile. The collective and state farms that
were common in the Soviet times have been
dismantled, leaving room for smaller farms.
Cotton, an important export crop, experienced
sharp declines in production in 1999 due to
shortages and price increases of fertilizers,
defoliants, and spare parts of harvesting
machinery.
The total value of agricultural exports
decreased from US$168.2 million in 1994 to US$96
million in 1998, representing a decrease of 43
percent. Agricultural exports accounted for 26.2
percent of total exports in 1994, decreasing to
15.8 percent in 1998. Fishing also is an
important sector, with 90 percent of the world's
caviar production coming from the Caspian Sea.
Oil-rich Azerbaijan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 amid political turmoil and against a backdrop of violence in Nagorno-Karabakh.
It has been famed for its oil springs and natural gas sources since ancient times, when Zoroastrians, for whom fire is an important symbol, erected temples around burning gas vents in the ground.
In the 19th century this part of the Russian empire experienced an unprecedented oil boom which attracted international investment. By the beginning of the 20th century Azerbaijan was supplying almost half of the world's oil.
In 1994 Azerbaijan signed an oil contract worth $7.4bn with a Western consortium. Since then Western companies have invested millions in the development of the country's oil and gas reserves. However, the economy as a whole has not benefited as much as it might have done.
Baku skyline: Oil exports fuelled a construction boom
Caspian oil is now flowing through a pipeline running from Baku through Georgia to the Turkish port of Ceyhan, providing western countries with ready access to a vast new source of supply. Environmental groups have protested that the cost of this benefit is unacceptable.
Azerbaijan has large gas reserves too.
Azerbaijan became a member of the Council of Europe in 2001. Often accused of rampant corruption and election-rigging, ruling circles walk a tightrope between Russian and Western regional geo-strategic interests.
As the Soviet Union collapsed, the predominantly Armenian population of the Nagorno-Karabakh region stated their intention to secede from Azerbaijan. War broke out. Backed by troops and resources from Armenia proper, the Armenians of Karabakh took control of the region and surrounding territory.
In 1994 a ceasefire was signed. About one-seventh of Azerbaijan's territory remains occupied, while 800,000 refugees and internally displaced persons are scattered around the country.
Azerbaijan was in the media spotlight in June 2007 when Russian President Vladimir Putin offered the US the use of the Gabala radar station for missile defence as an alternative to using bases in Poland and the Czech Republic.
Ilham Aliyev took over as president from his father, Heydar, in 2003.
Ilham Aliyev, son of post-independence strongman
Heydar Aliyev described his son as his "political successor". When his father died, Ilham was already prime minister, vice chairman of the state oil company and deputy leader of the ruling New Azerbaijan Party (NAP).
He won the 2003 presidential elections by a landslide. Western observers were highly critical of the campaign which they said had been marred by voter intimidation, violence and media bias. Opposition demonstrations were met with police violence. There were many arrests.
Heydar Aliyev, a former Soviet Communist leader, reinvented himself as a post-independence political strongman and had ruled Azerbaijan with an iron fist since 1993 following a period of great instability. His record on human rights and media freedom was often criticised in the West.
The opposition continues to have strong doubts about Ilham Aliyev's commitment to democracy.
These were reinforced when police used force to break up opposition demonstrations in Baku in the run-up to and following November 2005 parliamentary elections in which the ruling NAP won well over half of the seats. OSCE and Council of Europe observers declared that the vote fell a long way short of international standards.
Mr Aliyev won a second term of office in 2008, scoring an overwhelming victory in an election that was boycotted by the main opposition parties. Western observers said that although the conduct of the election represented a marked improvement on previous votes, it still fell short of fully democratic standards.
He looked set to cement his grip on power even further when a move to lift the two-term limit on the president was approved in a referendum in March 2009, paving the way for a possible third term.
Ilham Aliyev was born in 1961 and has a doctorate in history. His business interests have enabled him to build substantial personal wealth since independence. He is married with three children.
Azerbaijan's state-run and public media outlets compete with private and opposition publications and broadcasters. Television is the most-popular medium.
Freedom of speech is guaranteed by the constitution, but in 2009 Paris-based Reporters Without Borders said journalists "who dare to speak out against the evils of the regime... expose themselves to real danger". The organization said there was a lack of pluralism in the media.
A public broadcaster, set up in 2005, is intended to be free from government control. The service is a requirement for Azerbaijan's membership of the democracy and human rights body, the Council of Europe.
Local relays of the BBC and US international radio stations were taken off the air at the end of 2008 by the broadcasting regulator. The move was condemned by media rights bodies.
Turkey's state-run TRT TV is rebroadcast in Azerbaijan. Iranian and Russian channels can be seen in border areas.
There were around 1.5 million internet users by December 2008 (InternetWorldStats).
Country profile:
Azerbaijan
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