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Country profile: Laos languages: Lao, French (for diplomatic purposes) President: Choummaly Sayasone Lao People's Democratic Republic religion: Buddhism Agro-Industry Development Agriculture, forestry, and fishing :- Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy of Laos. In the early 21st century the sector generated nearly half the country's gross domestic product (GDP) and employed some three-fourths of the population. The expansion of land under cultivation has been impeded, however, largely by the vast quantities of unexploded bombs-dropped mostly by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War-that litter potential farmlands. Consequently, only a small portion of the country's total arable land area is cultivated. The great majority of Laos's farmers are engaged in rice agriculture. Lowland farmers generally plant irrigated paddy fields, while upland dwellers cultivate rain-fed swiddens. Frequent floods and droughts cause significant year-to-year fluctuation in agricultural yields. Although such weather calamities affect the lowlands more severely, those regions have been more productive than the uplands, owing largely to accessibility of new technologies, pesticides, fertilizers, more solid infrastructure, and market networks. Many farmers in the uplands practice subsistence agriculture; however, a shift toward market-based production has been gaining momentum, propelled primarily by government modernization initiatives. In years with "normal" harvests, Laos is self-sufficient in rice production. Principal crops other than rice include sweet potatoes, sugarcane, corn (maize), assorted vegetables and fruits in smaller quantities, and tobacco. Coffee is cultivated mainly on the Bolovens Plateau and is the only crop produced for export in substantial volume. Opium production began decreasing dramatically in the late 20th century as a result of aggressive eradication programs implemented by the government. Fishing is particularly important for lowland dwellers, and aquaculture has been increasing in the early 21st century. Principal pond-raised fish include tilapia and various types of carp. Raising of livestock-especially pigs, cattle, water buffalo, and chickens-has also been growing in significance. Laos, one of the world's few remaining communist states, is one of east Asia's poorest countries. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 it has struggled to find its position within a changing political and economic landscape. Communist forces overthrew the monarchy in 1975, heralding years of isolation. Laos began opening up to the world in the 1990s, but despite tentative reforms, it remains poor and dependent on international donations. Overview Overview Facts Leaders Media The government has implemented gradual economic and business reforms since 2005 to somewhat liberalize its domestic markets. Its longterm plans for reform include high-profile projects such as the Nam Theun 2 power project. Thailand is the largest foreign investor in Laos. While this support is badly needed, the dangers of exposing Laos's fragile economy to world trends are clear. AT-A-GLANCE Politics: Ruling communists maintain a monopoly of political power Economy: One of the world's poorest nations, Laos has little industry and relies on foreign aid; hopes are pinned on a hydroelectric project International: Communist regime is backed by China and Vietnam   Timeline The Asian currency crisis of 1997 caused the national currency, the kip, to lose more than nine-tenths of its value against the US dollar. Laos is a landlocked, mountainous country, widely covered by largely unspoilt tropical forest. Less than 5% of the land is suitable for subsistence agriculture, which nevertheless provides around 80% of employment. The main crop is rice, which is grown on the fertile floodplain of the Mekong River. Vegetables, fruit, spices and cotton are also grown. Part of the region's heroin-producing "Golden Triangle", Laos has all but stamped out opium production. Outside the capital, many people live without electricity or access to basic facilities. But Laos is banking on the anticipated returns from a billion-dollar dam scheme, intended to generate electricity for export to Thailand, to boost its economy and infrastructure. Several small bomb blasts in recent years in and around the capital, Vientiane, have suggested that opposition to the ruling party may be growing. But any public dissent is dealt with harshly by the authorities. The country's human rights record has come under scrutiny. Laos denies accusations of abuses by the military against the ethnic minority Hmong. Hmong groups have been fighting a low-level rebellion against the communist regime since 1975. Facts Overview Facts Leaders Media Full name: Lao People's Democratic Republic Population: 6.3 million (UN, 2009) Capital: Vientiane Area: 236,800 sq km (91,400 sq miles) Major languages: Lao, French (for diplomatic purposes) Major religion: Buddhism Life expectancy: 63 years (men), 66 years (women) (UN) Monetary unit: 1 new kip = 100 ath Main exports: Clothing, timber products, coffee, gold, copper, electricity GNI per capita: US $740 (World Bank, 2008) Internet domain: .la International dialling code: +856 Leaders Overview Facts Leaders Media President: Choummaly Sayasone Communist rule continues under Choummaly Sayasone   Choummaly Sayasone, the head of the ruling communist Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), was appointed by the National Assembly to succeed Khamtay Siphandon as president in June 2006. He took over the party leadership from the octogenarian former president in March. The LPRP is the only legal political party in Laos and holds 98 of the 99 seats in the assembly. Mr Sayasone is seen as a staunch ally of his predecessor, who served three terms and oversaw the country's entry into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean) in 1997. Choummaly Sayasone, who was born in 1936 in southern Laos, is a former defence minister and vice president. Media Overview Facts Leaders Media The ruling communists maintain strict control over the media. The government owns all newspapers and broadcast media. Newspaper circulation figures are very low. Slandering the state, distorting party policies and spreading false rumours are all criminal offences. A draft law which would allow the development of private media has not been implemented. Media rights group Reporters Without Borders noted in 2008 that the majority of the media "only puts out news that is favourable to the communist regime". The group said many Laotian viewers watch TV stations from neighbouring Thailand. There were some 100,000 internet users by March 2008 (ITU figure). The press Vientiane Times - state-run, English-language Le Renovateur - state run, French-language Vientiane Mai - state-run daily Pasaxon - party monthly Television Lao National TV (TVNL) - state-run Laos Television 3 - joint venture with Thai company Radio Lao National Radio - state-run News agency KPL - state-run     AFRICA | ASIA-PACIFIC | AMERICAS | EUROPE |  MIDDLEEAST |  SOUTHASIA Mauritania Mauritius Morocco  Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Republic-of-congo Rwanda Sao-tome-and-principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra-leone Somalia South-africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania The-gambia Togo Tunisia Uganda zambia Zimbabwe Australia Brunei Burma Cambodia China East-timor Fiji Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Kiribati Kyrgyzstan Laos Malaysia Marshall-islands Micronesia Mongolia Nauru New-zealand North-korea Palau Papua-new-guinea Samoa Singapore Solomon-islands South-korea Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand The-philippines Tonga Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vietnam Antigua-and-barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia  Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa-rica Cuba Dominica Dominican-republic Ecuador El-salvador Grenada Guatemala GuyanaHaiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St-kitts-and-nevis St-lucia St-vincent-and-the-grenadines Suriname Trinidad-and-tobago United-states-of-america Uruguay Venezuela Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia-hercegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech-republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Russia San-marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland The-netherlands Turkey Ukraine United-kingdom Vatican Algeria Egypt Iran Iraq Israel-and-palestinian-territories Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Oman Saudi-arabia Sudan Syria Tunisia United-arab-emirates Yemen Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Sri-Lanka The-Maldives