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Country profile: Canada
languages: English, French (both
official) Prime minister: Stephen Harper
religion: Christianity
Agro-Industry Development
Agriculture in Canada is among the most
sophisticated and technologically advanced in
the world. Farmers use scientific crop and soil
analysis as well as state-of-the-art equipment.
By 1996, more than one-quarter of all Canadian
farmers used a computer in the management of
their crops and livestock. In 2000, there were
7,100 square kilometers (2,741 square miles) of
irrigated land. While it produces substantial
quantities of food for domestic consumers and
for export, Canada also imports a significant
amount of agricultural products. Total
agricultural imports in 1999 amounted to US$10.8
billion. The United States supplies Canada with
roughly two-thirds of its total agricultural
imports. Conversely, the United States is
Canada's main market for agricultural goods. In
1999, the United States was the destination for
one-third of Canada's exports of crops,
livestock, and fish.
The nation's main crops are wheat, barley, corn,
potatoes, soybeans, rice, and sugar beets. The
dominant crop is wheat. In 1998 Canada produced
24,076,300 tons of wheat. However, there is less
wheat under cultivation in Canada than at any
time in the 20th century. This is the result of
increased diversification and low worldwide
wheat prices. The number-two crop was barley and
the country harvested some 12,708,700 tons of
it. Total crop output in 1998 was 53,701,500
tons. The primary livestock products are beef,
chicken, duck, turkey, goose, and pork. Beef
production is concentrated in the western areas
of the nation while poultry production is
concentrated in the east. About two-thirds of
all poultry farms were in eastern Canada. Most
livestock is consumed domestically. For
instance, in 2000 beef production was valued at
US$1.5 billion. Of this, US$70 million worth of
beef was exported while the rest was consumed in
Canada. The country also imported US$140 million
of beef, almost all of it supplied by the United
States. One out of every 4 farms in Canada
raised beef.
Canada is the second largest country in the world after Russia. Its population is only about one-fifth of Russia's however.
Nearly 90% of Canadians live within 200 km of the border with the United States, which means that Canada contains vast expanses of wilderness to the north.
The relationship to its powerful neighbour is a defining factor for Canada. The US and Canada have the world's largest trading relationship.
The North American Free Trade Agreement, involving Canada, the US and Mexico, has brought a trade boom for Canada. But thorny issues abound. American moves which impact on Canadian exports, in the form of tariffs on Canadian timber and increased subsidies for US farmers, have created particular tension.
Canada is also worried about pollution from US factories near the border, and about the possible impact on the environment of the exploitation of oil deposits in Alaska.
Toronto: The thriving metropolis is Canada's commercial hub
Canada pursues a foreign policy that is distinct from that of the US. The country has committed troops to the American-led war on terror, but does not back the US trade embargo on Cuba. Canada did not send troops to join the US-led war in Iraq.
After the 11 September 2001 attacks in the US, the challenge of securing the 9,000-km Canada-US border from possible terrorist infiltration prompted both countries to look at ways of sharing information.
Immigration has helped to make Canada one of the world's richest nations. Challenges related to discrimination and integration are gaining increasing attention. Many recent newcomers hail from Asia. Canada's indigenous peoples make up less than two per cent of the population. The way in which provincial governments share land and natural resources with native groups is an ongoing issue.
Separatist aspirations in the predominantly French-speaking province of Quebec are a major domestic issue. A referendum in 1995 saw advocates of an independent Quebec only narrowly defeated. Subsequent opinion polls indicated a fall in support for independence and the pro-independence Parti Quebecois was defeated in 2003's provincial election.
The concept of nationhood for Quebec resurfaced in late 2006, when parliament agreed that the Quebecois should be considered a "nation" within a united Canada. The move was largely symbolic, having no constitutional or legal grounding.
Canada has been asserting its sovereignty in the Arctic with growing vigour and has become embroiled in territorial spats with the US and Denmark. At stake is the possible bounty from previously-untapped reserves of oil and gas.
Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Michaelle Jean
Prime minister: Stephen Harper
Twelve years of Liberal government ended when incumbent prime minister Paul Martin was defeated by Stephen Harper's opposition Conservatives in elections on 23 January 2006.
Stephen Harper heads a minority government
Mr Harper failed to win an overall majority and had to work with opposition parties in order to govern.
Buoyed by a solid lead in the polls, Mr Harper called an early election for October 2008 in an attempt to win a working majority. His party improved its position, winning 16 more seats than in the 2006 election but still falling short of an overall majority.
However, two months later, Mr Harper came close to being toppled by an alliance of the opposition Liberal and New Democrat parties over his handling of the economic crisis, but avoided a no-confidence vote by suspending parliament for a month.
The Conservatives have promised to cut taxes, fight crime, boost military spending and to repair relations with the US. Mr Harper has denied harbouring a radical right-wing agenda, a charge levelled by some opponents.
Observers say he has steered the Conservatives towards the political centre, switching the party's focus from social to economic matters.
The January 2006 poll was precipitated by a vote of no confidence that brought down Paul Martin's scandal-hit Liberal government the previous November.
Mr Martin had tried in vain to distance himself from allegations of corruption in the French-speaking province of Quebec in the late 1990s when he was federal finance minister.
He was cleared by a judicial inquiry, but the fallout from the scandal cost the Liberals a fourth consecutive majority government in 2004.
Born in Toronto, Ontario in 1959, Stephen Harper studied economics at the University of Calgary in Alberta. He became an MP in 1993 and headed the newly-merged Conservative party in 2004.
He is married and has two children. Aside from politics and intellectual pursuits, he is passionate about ice hockey.
Canada has a long history of public broadcasting. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) was set up in the 1930s in response to the growing influence of American radio.
Broadcasting in French and English, the CBC runs four radio networks featuring speech-based and cultural programmes. It also operates two national TV channels, TV and radio services for indigenous peoples in the north and the international broadcaster Radio Canada International.
There are just under 2,000 licensed radio stations in Canada, many of them commercial. There is extensive take-up of multichannel TV.
The Canadian media are free to present a wide range of views and opinions. The broadcasting regulator rules that quotas of Canadian material - usually 30-35% - must be carried by TV and radio stations.
Country profile: Canada
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