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Country profile:
Papua guinea
language: English (official),
Pidgin, native languages
Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Sir Michael Somare
The Independent State of Papua
New Guinea
religions: Christianity, indigenous beliefs
Agro-Industry Development
Agriculture is important to Papua
New Guinea for both income and as a source of
food. In total, the agricultural sector
contributes 25 percent of gross domestic product
(GDP), not including subsistence agriculture.
This contribution comes primarily from the
production of crops such as coffee, oil palms,
cocoa, and coconuts, all of which grow well in
the country's tropical climate. Coffee, palm
oil, cocoa, and coconut products (copra and oil)
are the main agricultural export revenue
earners, with US$240.3 million total value in
1998, and their production employs an estimated
77 percent of labor in the country. The bulk of
Papua New Guinea's export agricultural products
are produced by villagers. Australia, Japan, and
South Korea have consistently been the major
buyers of the country's agricultural exports
since 1970.
Most Papua New Guineans own the land on which
they grow their own food crops, of which sweet
potatoes, sago, bananas, coconuts, taro, and
yams are the most important.
Forestry is an emerging part of the agricultural
sector, and about one-third of forest lands have
been opened to commercial exploitation. Much of
the timber industry is dominated by Malaysian
companies. Papua New Guinea is now the world's
second-largest exporter of round tropical logs,
most of these going to Japan and Korea.
Papua New Guinea occupies the eastern part of the world's second largest island and is prey to volcanic activity, earthquakes and tidal waves. Linguistically, it is the world's most diverse country, with more than 700 native tongues.
Some 80% of Papua New Guinea's people live in rural areas with few or no facilities.
Many tribes in the isolated mountainous interior have little contact with each other, let alone with the outside world, and live within a non-monetarised economy, dependent on subsistence agriculture.
A very small proportion of the land can sustain cash crops, including coffee and cocoa. Abundant rainforests provide the raw material for a logging industry, which is dominated by Malaysian-owned companies. Conservation groups have criticised the social and environmental impact of the activity.
Mineral deposits - including gold, copper and nickel - are extensive, but the difficult terrain and poor infrastructure make exploitation slow. There are significant reserves of oil and natural gas and the country has pinned its hopes on becoming a significant energy exporter.
Tribal allegiances, and divisions, are ingrained
The separatist struggle in the neighbouring Indonesian province of Papua, formerly known as Irian Jaya, prompted the flight of thousands of Papuans into Papua New Guinea from the mid-1980s onwards. Many of them remain in border-area jungle camps.
The Port Moresby government has said it will not tolerate the use of Papua New Guinean territory for Papuan separatist attacks on the Indonesian army.
Papua New Guinea had to deal with separatist forces of its own on the island of Bougainville in the 1990s. Up to 20,000 people were killed in the nine-year conflict which ended in 1997.
A peace deal signed in 2001 provided the framework for the election in 2005 of an autonomous government for Bougainville.
Papua New Guinea has strong ties with its southern neighbour, Australia, which administered the territory until independence in 1975. Canberra's substantial aid programme aims to relieve poverty and to boost development; Australia has also despatched police officers and civil servants to support their local equivalents.
The prevalence of HIV/Aids is on the rise; some experts fear that Papua New Guinea is heading for a crisis similar to that in sub-Saharan Africa.
Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by the Governor-General
Prime minister: Sir Michael Somare
The founding father of independent Papua New Guinea, Michael Somare, won his second successive term as premier following elections in 2007.
Prime Minister Somare, known as "The Chief"
This is his fourth term of office.
Affectionately known as "The Chief", Mr Somare led the country to independence from Australia in 1975 and is widely regarded as being untainted by corruption.
He came to power in August 2002 after a violent and chaotic election, and in the 2007 polls his National Alliance party won 27 of the 109 parliamentary seats and was invited by the governor-general to form a coalition government. Parliament subsequently elected Mr Somare as prime minister.
His faces several social challenges, including crime, corruption, and rising rates of HIV and AIDS.
In apparent warning to Australia, he said after his election: "We will guard the sovereignty of our country, we will help our neighbours whenever we can."
Australia, Papua New Guinea's biggest aid donor, has angered Mr Somare, the Solomon Islands and Fiji with its determination to stamp out corruption and crime in the South Pacific, and its demands that Fiji return to democracy after a military coup in December 2006.
Radio is an important medium in Papua New Guinea, a country with widely-scattered, isolated settlements and low levels of literacy.
The government operates a national radio station and a network of provincial stations. Their news coverage is said to be balanced. But funding problems, and the non-payment of power bills, have taken some of the regional radios off the air.
Television coverage is limited mainly to Port Moresby and the provincial capitals.
Two daily newspapers are foreign-owned. The private press, including weeklies and monthlies, is active in reporting on corruption and other sensitive matters.
BBC World Service and Radio Australia are available on FM in the capital.
Country profile:
Papua guinea
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