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Country profile: Russia
language: Russian President: Dmitry Medvedev
Russian Federation
religions: Christianity, Islam
Agro-Industry Development
Agriculture
The economic reform that began in Russia in the
early 1990s reduced Russia's livestock sector.
The down-sizing of the livestock sector ended
the need for imports of feed grain, soybeans,
and meal. At the same time, imports of meat and
other high-value products such as processed
foods, fruit, and beverages grew considerably.
The 1998 economic crisis reduced Russia's
ability to import food. After plunging to
extremely low levels in late 1998, agricultural
imports rebounded in 1999. Imports of most
agricultural and food products grew to roughly
60 percent of the level of the pre-crisis
period. Imports dropped because the crisis
reduced consumer incomes, thereby decreasing
demand for food in general, and the severe
crisis-induced depreciation of the ruble made
imported food more expensive compared to Russian
domestic output.
The large former state and collective farms
control most land. Farm workers can branch off
as private farmers by obtaining a grant of land
from their parent farm, though they lack full
ownership rights. The land code proposed by the
Russian legislature (the Duma) does not change
existing law-that is, it does not allow the free
purchase and sale of land for agricultural use.
Rather, it would allow land to be bought and
sold solely for economically insignificant
purposes, such as building a summer cottage, a
dacha.
Russia emerged from a decade of post-Soviet economic and political turmoil to reassert itself as a world power.
Income from vast natural resources, above all oil and gas, have helped Russia overcome the economic collapse of 1998. The state-run gas monopoly Gazprom is the world's largest producer and exporter, and supplies a growing share of Europe's needs.
Economic strength has allowed Vladimir Putin to enhance state control over political institutions and the media, buoyed by extensive public support for his policies as prime minister, president and now prime minister again.
Spanning 11 time zones, Russia is the largest country on earth in terms of
surface area, although large tracts in the north and east are inhospitable and sparsely populated.
This vast Eurasian land mass covers more than 17m sq km, with a climate ranging from the Arctic north to the generally temperate south.
The annual Victory Day parade marks the end of World War II
In the period of rapid privatisation in the early 1990s, the government of President Boris Yeltsin created a small but powerful group of magnates, often referred to as "oligarchs", who acquired vast interests in the energy and media sectors.
President Yeltsin's successor, Vladimir Putin, moved to reduce the political influence of oligarchs soon after taking office, forcing some into exile and prosecuting others. Mikhail Khodorkovsky, the former head of the Yukos oil company and a supporter of the liberal opposition, is serving eight years in a Siberian penal colony on tax and fraud charges. Yukos assets were later acquired by the state oil giant Rosneft.
Russia resurgent
During Mr Putin's presidency Russia's booming economy and assertive foreign policy bolstered national pride. In particular, Russia promoted its perceived interests in former Soviet states more openly, even at the cost of antagonising the West.
St Petersburg's State Hermitage houses a vast art collection
The tensest moment came in August 2008, when a protracted row over two breakaway regions of Georgia escalated into a military conflict between Russia and Georgia. Russia sent troops into Georgia and declared that it was recognising the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, sparking angry reactions in the West and fears of a new Cold War.
At the same time, Moscow threatened to counter plans by the US Bush administration to develop an anti-missile system in Eastern Europe with its own missiles in Kaliningrad Region on Poland's borders. President Obama later withdrew the plan, in a move seen in Russian official circles as a vindication of the assertive foreign policy.
Another source of irritation between Russia and the US is Moscow's role in Iran's nuclear energy programme. Russia agreed in 2005 to supply fuel for Iran's Bushehr nuclear reactor and has been reluctant to support the imposition of UN sanctions on Iran.
Russia's economic power lies in its key natural resources - oil and gas. The energy giant Gazprom is controversially close to the Russian state and critics say it is little more than an economic and political tool of the Kremlin.
At a time of increased concern over energy security, Moscow has more than once reminded the rest of the world of the power it wields as a major energy supplier. In 2006, it cut gas to Ukraine after a row between the countries, a move that also affected the supply of gas to Western Europe
Ethnic and religious divisions
While Russians make up more than 80% of the population and Orthodox Christianity is the main religion, there are many other ethnic and religious groups. Muslims are concentrated among the Volga Tatars and the Bashkirs and in the North Caucasus.
Separatists and latterly armed Islamists have made the Caucasus region of Chechnya a war zone for much of the post-Soviet era. Many thousands have died since Russian troops were first sent to put down a separatist rebellion in 1994.
Moscow is convinced that any loosening of its grip on Chechnya would result in the whole of the North Caucasus falling to anarchy or Islamic militancy.
Human rights groups at home and abroad have accused Russian forces in Chechnya of widespread abuses against the public. Since the 11 September attacks on the US Moscow has tried to present its campaign as part of the global war against terrorism.
In a sign of growing confidence that peace is returning the Russian authorities called a formal end to the military operation against the rebels in 2009. Sporadic violence continues, however.
Dmitry Medvedev was sworn in as president in May 2008, taking office as Russia's third president since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
President Dmitry Medvedev
The chosen successor of former president Vladimir Putin, Mr Medvedev won just over 70% of the vote in presidential elections held in March.
He conducted a fairly low-key campaign, but received generous media coverage and was always the clear favourite to win.
As his victory became clear he said that he hoped to work with Mr Putin as his prime minister to improve the quality of life for Russians.
He also said there would be little change in Russia's foreign policy. In August 2008, he showed that he was determined to maintain the assertive stance set by his mentor when, in the wake of the conflict between Russia and Georgia, he declared that Russia did not want a new Cold War but was not afraid of one either.
However, a more liberal side has also been evident. In April 2009, he said in an interview with one of the last media outlets critical of the Kremlin, the Novaya Gazeta daily, that democracy should not be compromised for the sake of prosperity.
Dmitriy Medvedev was born in 1965 and has been associated with Vladimir Putin since the early 1990s when they were both involved in politics in St Petersburg.
Mr Medvedev is a lawyer by training and managed Mr Putin's presidential election campaign in 2000.
He subsequently worked as chairman of Gazprom and as first deputy prime minister in charge of social programmes.
Prime Minister: Vladimir Putin
Former president Vladimir Putin was confirmed as prime minister on 8 May 2008, one day after his protege Dmitry Medvedev was sworn in as president.
Mr Putin's unprecedented move from the Kremlin to the premiership completed a carefully staged transition which will ensure he remains at the heart of power.
Prime Minister Vladimir Putin
As prime minister, he has promised to curb inflation, cut taxes and boost social spending. Mr Medvedev has said his political mentor will play a "key role" in shaping the country's development over the next decade.
Mr Putin was barred by the constitution from running for a third presidential term in the elections of March 2008.
He was elected to a second term by a landslide in March 2004 with around 70% of the vote. His nearest rival, the Communist candidate, mustered 14%.
Vladimir Putin, who was born in St Petersburg in 1952, started his career in the KGB. From 1990 he worked in the St Petersburg administration before moving to Moscow in 1996. By August 1999 he was prime minister.
He was named acting president by his predecessor, Boris Yeltsin, who introduced him as the man who could "unite around himself those who will revive Great Russia".
He went on to win presidential elections in May 2000, having gained widespread popularity for his pledge to take a tough line against Chechen rebels.
Russian TV broadcasting is dominated by channels that are either run directly by the state or owned by companies with close links to the Kremlin. The government controls Channel One and Russia TV - two of the three main federal channels - while state-controlled energy giant Gazprom owns NTV. Critics say independent reporting has suffered as a result.
The Kremlin gained control of mould-breaking NTV in 2001
For most Russians, television, especially via the national networks, is the main source of domestic and international news.
The broadcasting market is very competitive; state-owned or influenced TV networks attract the biggest audiences. Hundreds of radio stations crowd the dial; state-run networks compete with music-based commercial FM stations.
An English-language satellite channel, Russia Today, was launched in late 2005. The news-based station is funded by the Kremlin and aims to present "global news from a Russian perspective".
There are more than 400 daily newspapers, catering for every taste and persuasion. The major nationals are based in Moscow, but many readers in the regions prefer to take local papers. Several influential dailies have been bought by companies with close links to the Kremlin.
The conflict in Chechnya has been blamed for government attacks on press freedom. Journalists have been killed in Chechnya while others have disappeared or have been abducted.
In Moscow and elsewhere journalists have been harassed or physically abused. Reporters investigating the affairs of the political and corporate elite are said to be particularly at risk.
Media rights organisation Reporters Without Borders has expressed concern at "the absence of pluralism in news and information, an intensifying crackdown against journalists... and the drastic state of press freedom in Chechnya".
Around 38 million Russians use the internet (Internetworldstats, December 2008).
The press
Komsomolskaya Pravda - mass circulation, left-leaning daily, controlled by energy group YeSN
Kommersant - daily, business-orientated, controlled by steel tycoon Alisher Usmanov
Country profile: Russia
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