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ASIA Tajikistan agro
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Agro-Industry Development Agriculture:
Farming still leads industry in importance in
the economy of Tajikistan, and cotton growing
surpasses all other categories of the country's
agriculture. Other important branches include
the raising of livestock-including long-horned
cattle, Gissar sheep, and goats-and the
cultivation of fruits, grains, and vegetables.
Tajikistan's farmers grow wheat and barley and
have expanded rice cultivation. Horticulture has
been important in the territory of Tajikistan
since antiquity, and apricots, pears, apples,
plums, quinces, cherries, pomegranates, figs,
and nuts are produced. The country exports
almonds, dried apricots, and grapes.
Agriculture in Tajikistan would be severely
limited without extensive irrigation. By the end
of the 1930s the Soviet government had built two
main canals, the Vakhsh and the Gissar, and
followed these with two joint Tajik-Uzbek
projects, the Great Fergana and North Fergana
canals, using conscripted unskilled labour in a
program that drew wide criticism from outside
observers for its high toll of fatalities. After
World War II the Dalverzin and Parkhar-Chubek
irrigation systems were built, along with the
Mŭminobod, Kattasoy, and Selbur reservoirs; the
Mirzachol irrigation system; and a water tunnel
from the Vakhsh River to the Yovonsu Valley.
Pesticides and chemical fertilizers used on the
cotton fields have damaged the environment and
led to health problems in the population. The
upriver irrigation systems carry these
pollutants into the rivers descending from
Tajikistan's mountains and into neighbouring
republics.
Industry
Tajikistan's light industry is based on its
agricultural production and includes
cotton-cleaning mills and silk factories; the
Dushanbe textile complex is the country's
largest. Other branches of light industry
include the manufacture of knitted goods and
footwear, tanning, and sewing. There is a large
carpet-making factory in Qayroqqum.
Food-processing industries concentrate on local
agricultural products, which include grapes and
other fruits, various vegetable oils, tobacco,
and geranium oil, which is used in perfume. The
metalworking industry produces looms, power
equipment, cables, and agricultural and
household implements.
A former Soviet republic, Tajikistan plunged into civil war almost as soon as it became independent from the Soviet Union in 1991.
A rugged, mountainous country, with lush valleys to the south and north, it is Central Asia's poorest nation.
Tajiks are the country's largest ethnic group, with Uzbeks making up a quarter of the population, over half of which is employed in agriculture and just one-fifth in industry. Nearly half of Tajikistan's population is under 14 years of age.
Lake Sarez, high up in Taijkistan's rugged Pamir mountains
The Tajik language is very close to Persian, spoken in Iran, and to Dari, spoken in Afghanistan.
The five-year civil war between the Moscow-backed government and the Islamist-led opposition, in which up to 50,000 people were killed and over one-tenth of the population fled the country, ended in 1997 with a United Nations-brokered peace agreement.
Tajikistan has been accused by its neighbours of tolerating the presence of training camps for Islamist rebels on its territory, an accusation which it has strongly denied.
The country's economy has never really recovered from the civil war, and poverty is widespread. Almost half of Tajikistan's GDP is earned by migrants working abroad, especially in Russia, but the recession in 2009 threatened that income. The country is also dependent on oil and gas imports.
The republic has relied heavily on Russian assistance to counter continuing security problems and cope with the dire economic situation. Russian forces guarded sections of the border with Afghanistan until mid-2005 when their withdrawal was completed and the task handed over to Tajik border guards.
Skirmishes with drug smugglers crossing illegally from Afghanistan occur regularly, as Tajikistan is the first stop on the drugs route from there to Russia and the West.
In October 2004 Russia formally opened a military base in Dushanbe where several thousand troops will be stationed. It also took back control over a former Soviet space monitoring centre at Nurek. These developments were widely seen as a sign of Russia's wish to counter increased US influence in Central Asia.
Emomali Rakhmon, a former cotton farm boss, was elected chairman of the Supreme Council of Tajikistan in 1992 after the country's first post-Soviet leader, Rahmon Nabiyev, was forced to resign.
Emomali Rakhmon - now in third term as president
He was elected president in 1994 and re-elected in 1999 when his term was extended to seven years.
In 2006 he won a third term in office in an election which international observers said was neither free nor fair. Opposition parties boycotted the vote, dismissing it as a Soviet-style staged attempt at democracy.
Mr Rakhmon was instrumental in the pro-Communist effort to remove Islamist rebels from Dushanbe in the early 1990s. He led troops from southern Kulob District and supported the intervention of forces from other former Soviet republics. After years of civil war and violence, some stability returned to Tajikistan.
The president is not known for tolerating dissent. His People's Democratic Party holds virtually all seats in parliament. Western observers said the 2005 legislative elections had failed to meet international standards.
Mr Rakhmon does retain substantial public support. Tajikistan is still very poor, but many people are thankful they no longer have to face the civil war of the 1990s which killed tens of thousands and caused more than 10% of the population to flee the country.
Mr Rakhmon was born in 1952. His surname was Rakhmonov until 2007 when he ordered his countrymen to drop Russian-style surnames, in a break with the nation's Soviet past. He removed the Russian suffix "-ov" from his surname, saying this made him sound more Tajik.
Television is the most-popular medium. Alongside the state broadcaster there are more than a dozen local and regional private TVs, most of them entertainment-based.
Russian and other foreign stations are carried via cable and satellite. But in remote and mountainous areas, viewing is restricted by limited power supplies.
There are more than 200 registered papers, but no dailies. Some titles are government-owned, and others are linked to political movements. Privately-owned papers have a very small readership.
Radio is the only broadcast medium that can be received in all areas of the country. Private stations operate alongside state-run networks. Dushanbe's first private station opened in September 2002, after a four-year wait for its licence.
Media rights organisations report that, although provided for in the constitution, press freedom is not widely respected.
However, Reporters Without Borders (RSF) ranked Tajikistan in its 2008 Press Freedom Index as having the highest level of media freedom among the five Central Asian states.
There were around 19,500 internet users by 2007 (ITU figure).
The press
Minbar-i Khalq - published by People's Democratic Party
Jumhuriyat - government-owned, published in Tajik three times a week
Khalq Ovozi - government-owned, published in Uzbek three times a week
Narodnaya Gazeta - government-owned, published in Russian three times a week
Neru-i Sukhan - privately-owned, weekly
Nido-i Ranjbar - Tajik-language weekly, published by the Communist Party
Golos Tajikistana - Russian-language weekly, published by the Communist Party
Tojikiston - privately-owned Tajik-language weekly
Najot - weekly, published by Islamic Rebirth Party
Television
Tajik TV - state-run; operates Tajik TV first channel, Safina youth channel, news channel Jahonnamo, children's network Bahoriston and regional channels
Soghd TV - state-run regional station in north
Khatlon TV - state-run regional station in south
SMT (Independent Television of Tajikistan) - private, Dushanbe
Radio
Tajik Radio - state-run, operates Radio Tajikistan, Radio Sado-i Dushanbe (Voice of Dushanbe), culture network Radio Farhang, external service Ovoz-i Tojik