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Country profile: Nepal
language: Nepali President: Ram Baran Yadav
religions: Hinduism, Buddhism
Agro-Industry Development
Agriculture in Nepal
has long been based on subsistence farming,
particularly in the hilly regions where peasants
derive their living from fragmented plots of
land cultivated in difficult conditions.
Government programs to introduce irrigation
facilities and fertilizers have proved
inadequate, their delivery hampered by the
mountainous terrain. Population increases and
environmental degradation have ensured that the
minimal gains in agricultural production, owing
more to the extension of arable land than to
improvements in farming practices, have been
cancelled out. Once an exporter of rice, Nepal
now has a food deficit.
Most of the country is mountainous, and there
are pockets of food-deficit areas. The
difficulties of transportation make it far
easier to export across the border to India than
to transport surplus to remote mountain regions
within Nepal. A considerable livestock
population of cattle, goats, and poultry exists,
but the quality is poor and produces
insufficient food for local needs.
With its ancient culture and the Himalayas as a backdrop, landlocked
Nepal has a romantic image.
It is nonetheless one of the world's poorest countries, and is struggling to overcome the legacy of 10-year Maoist insurrection.
A brief experiment with multi-party politics in 1959 ended with King Mahendra suspending parliament and taking sole charge in 1962.
Democratic politics was introduced in 1991 after popular protests, but was marked by frequent changes of government. The last king of Nepal, Gyanendra, twice assumed executive powers - in 2002 and 2005.
Maoist rebels waged a decade-long campaign against the monarchy, leaving more than 12,000 people dead and 100,000 people displaced according to UN figures.
When King Gyanendra's direct rule ended under public pressure in April 2006, the rebels entered talks with the parliamentary government on how to end the civil war.
A peace deal was agreed in November, although the Maoists continued to press for abolition of the monarchy.
Parliament agreed to the condition in December 2007, and the Maoists emerged as the largest parliamentary party after elections in April 2008.
The monarchy was abolished a month later, and a Maoist-dominated government took office in August.
Nepal has been at odds with neighbouring Bhutan over the repatriation of thousands of Bhutanese refugees of Nepalese descent who fled violence in Bhutan in the early 1990s.
Nepal has the flourishing tourism industry, but faces problems of deforestation and encroachment on animal habitats.
Most of the population depend on agriculture, and the UN estimates that about 40% of Nepalis live in poverty.
Foreign aid is vital to the economy, and Nepal is also heavily dependent on trade with neighbouring India.
Mr Yadav became the first president of republican Nepal in July 2008, nearly two months after the country's new constituent assembly had voted to abolish the 239-year-old monarchy.
Mr Yadav's appointment came after weeks of political deadlock
He is an ethnic Madheshi from Nepal's southern lowlands and was backed by the centrist Nepali Congress - the second largest party in parliament - as well as two smaller parties.
Mr Yadav is a trained medical doctor and has twice served as health minister. He has also held senior positions in the Nepali Congress.
The presidency is a largely ceremonial position.
Prime Minister: Madhav Kumar Nepal
Nepal's parliament elected veteran communist leader Madhav Kumar Nepal as the country's new prime minister on 23 May 2009.
Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal
Mr Nepal, aged 56, was elected unopposed by MPs, ending a deadlock caused when his predecessor as premier, Maoist leader Prachanda, stepped down after only eight months in the post.
Prachanda, who led the Maoist rebels in a decade-long civil war until 2006, came to power in elections in 2008 but quit after his bid to fire the army chief failed.
Mr Nepal, considered a moderate leftist, won the backing of an alliance of 22 parties that holds 350 seats in the 601-member constituent assembly.
Maoist leader Prachanda
The Maoists said they would boycott the new parliament and vowed to keep up street protests against President Yadav, who intervened to reinstate army chief General Rookmangud Katawal. Prachanda had accused General Katawal of undermining the civilian government.
The political crisis has raised fears about the 2006 agreement that ended the civil war, and the new prime minister immediately stressed that the peace deal was his priority.
Mr Nepal has promised to try to bring the Maoists back into the government. Drafting a new Nepalese constitution by a May 2010 deadline will be another big challenge facing him as premier.
Nepal's long-running civil conflict, and the efforts to suppress it, had a profound impact on the media.
Rights groups say attacks on media workers were perpetrated by both sides during the 10-year Maoist rebellion.
Private TV stations operate alongside state-run networks
More recently, media freedom body Reporters Without Borders has raised concerns about communal violence in the south, which it says has forced some reporters to flee. Under the 2006 peace deal, journalists "regained their freedom, but not their safety", it says.
Private TV and radio stations have flourished. The government operates radio and TV services and publishes a Nepali-language daily and an English-language newspaper.
There is a small film industry, nicknamed "Kollywood". But Indian films are staple fare in cinemas.
Country profile: Nepal
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